Militarization and Sokil

The rituals used by the authorities were quickly adopted by local politicians who were busy building their national projects. Among other things, societies for "education," "hardening," and "training of the new generation" emerged, working mainly with young people and "showing" themselves to society through sports exercises and parades.

Therefore, by the beginning of the 20th century, various paramilitary structures became very common. So did their participation in mass events. Even the volunteer firefighters in Lviv were interpreted as a force that would come to Poland's defense "when Poland needed it."

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The murder of Butkowski, a seminary professor, by Dzhehala, a student (1913)

On 11 June 1913, Illia Dzhehala, a student of the teacher seminary, shot dead Karol Butkowski, a professor. This event, as well as the demonstrations it provoked, not only revealed the radicalization of young people and their desire to solve problems with a gun but also showed the trajectory of the Ukrainian-Polish confrontation.
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The "war game" of the Polish Sokół in Lviv (1913)

In 1913, Lviv hosted not just a regular Sokół's rally, but a real military demonstration. On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the January Uprising, more than 8,000 armed and equipped members of the gymnastic society and scouts held a "training" on the topic of "the battle for Lviv against the Russian army".
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Shevchenko's Sokil's Rally (1914)

On June 28, 1914, a large-scale celebration of the 100th anniversary of Taras Shevchenko's birth, known as “Shevchenko's Rally,” took place in Lviv. According to the organizers' plan, this event was supposed to demonstrate the organizational and physical readiness of Ukrainians in Galicia for the upcoming war against the backdrop of growing Ukrainian-Polish tensions.
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October 1918 in Lviv

In October 1918, in the context of the struggle for the formation of national states, Lviv became the subject of disputes between the Ukrainians and Poles.