Formation of a "national" church calendar in Lviv
In Lviv, the Ukrainians (mainly Greek Catholics) and the Poles (mainly Roman Catholics) used different calendars, Julian and Gregorian. Consequently, Christian holidays fell on different days for them. Each group had not only its own dates and ways of celebrating the same holidays but also different priorities in the celebrations.
The murder of Butkowski, a seminary professor, by Dzhehala, a student (1913)
On 11 June 1913, Illia Dzhehala, a student of the teacher seminary, shot dead Karol Butkowski, a professor. This event, as well as the demonstrations it provoked, not only revealed the radicalization of young people and their desire to solve problems with a gun but also showed the trajectory of the Ukrainian-Polish confrontation.
The "war game" of the Polish Sokół in Lviv (1913)
In 1913, Lviv hosted not just a regular Sokół's rally, but a real military demonstration. On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the January Uprising, more than 8,000 armed and equipped members of the gymnastic society and scouts held a "training" on the topic of "the battle for Lviv against the Russian army".
The city and the Great War: mass street politics in Lviv during the First World War
The Great War intensified political processes that seemed to have died down due to the limitations imposed by military administrations. Local politicians, however, continued to look for ways to express themselves in the urban space.This topic summarizes and problematizes the mass events that took place in Lviv during the First World War.
Patriotic manifestations at the beginning of the First World War
In summer 1914, the solemn marches, rallies, speeches took place in the city to demonstrate loyalty, imperial patriotism and support for the army. All other events were either cancelled or postponed indefinitely.
Mass events during the Russian occupation of Lviv (1914-1915)
After repressions by the occupation authorities, the only legal way of manifestation in Lviv were Roman Catholic religious celebrations. This allowed the Poles to emphasize their identity through their denomination and, in addition, events were also celebrated according to the Gregorian calendar, while the Russians had made the Julian calendar official.
Political manifestations after the liberation of Lviv (1915)
After June 9, 1915, there was an attempt to restore the usual pre-war practices at the backgroud of epidemics, shortages and the proximity of the front line. Ukrainians and Jews preferred not to participate in demonstrations, but for Poles the religious and imperial holidays remained the "platforms" for self-representation, and the traditions of "tours" were revived.